- WAP to read a number and check if it is even or odd[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter a number: 5
output: number 5 is odd
[/box] - WAP to read 2 numbers and check if their last digits are same or not[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter number 1: 55
Enter number 2: 45
output: Last digits of 55 and 45 are same
[/box] - WAP to read 3 angles and check if triangle can be formed or not[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter value for angle a: 50
Enter value for angle b: 60
Enter value for angle c: 70
output: Triangle can be formed
[/box] - WAP to read 3 angles and check if it is and equilateral triangle or not[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter value for angle a: 60
Enter value for angle b: 60
Enter value for angle c: 60
output: Triangle is equilateral triangle
[/box] - WAP to read marks for 5 subjects and check if student is passed or not[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter marks for maths: 50
Enter marks for science: 50
Enter marks for history: 50
Enter marks for english: 50
Enter marks for marathi: 50
output:
Total Marks: 250
Percentage: 50%
Student is passed
[/box] - WAP to read 2 numbers and find the greatest of them[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter number 1: 50
Enter number 2: 60
output:
60 is greater than 50
[/box] - WAP to read 3 numbers and find the greatest of them[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter number 1: 50
Enter number 2: 60
Enter number 2: 70
output:
70 is greater than 50 and 60
[/box] - WAP to read 3 digit number and check if the sum of cube of its digits is equal to that number or not[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter a 3 digit number: 153
output:
Success: Sum of cube of 153 is 153
[/box] - WAP to read 3 numbers and check their last digit is same or not[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter number 1: 50
Enter number 2: 60
Enter number 3: 70
output:
Last digits of 50, 60 and 70 are same
[/box] - WAP to read a number and check if it is palindrome number or not[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter a number: 121
output:
121 is palindrome number
[/box] - WAP to read marks of 5 subjects and print their total. Also print percentage and check if student is passed or not[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter marks for maths: 50
Enter marks for science: 50
Enter marks for history: 50
Enter marks for english: 50
Enter marks for marathi: 50
output:
Total Marks: 250
Percentage: 50%
Student is passed
[/box] - WAP to read 3 angles and check if triangle can be formed or not. If triangle can be formed then check it it is equilateral, isosceles or right angled triangle[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter value for angle a: 45
Enter value for angle b: 45
Enter value for angle c: 90
output:
Triangle can be formed
The triangle is right angled triangle
[/box] - WAP to read age and gender of person and check if person is Eligible for marriage or not
if gender is male then Eligibility is 21 years
if gender is female then Eligibility is 18 years[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter gender M or F: M
Enter your age: 30
output:
30 ka ho gaya ab to shadi kar le
[/box] - WAP to read a year and check if it is Leap year or not[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter year: 2004
output:
Year 2004 is a leap year
[/box] - WAP to read a Salary of Employee and print commission according to following Criteria
SAL Commission
<10000 10%
10000-20000 12%
>20000 15%[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter Salary: 10000
output:
Your commission is 1000 Rupees
[/box] - WAP to read percentage of student and print Division
>=75 : 1st class with distinction
60-75: 1st class
50-60: 2nd class
40-50: 3rd class
<40: fail[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]input:
Enter marks for maths: 75
Enter marks for science: 75
Enter marks for history: 75
Enter marks for english: 75
Enter marks for marathi: 75
output:
Total Marks: 375
Percentage: 75%
Student passed with 1st class Distinction
[/box]
Author: admin
Basic Programs
- WAP to read radius of circle and calculate Area and Circumference
[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter radius: 5
o/p:
Area of circle is 31.5
Circumference of circle is 78.5[/box] - WAP to read 3 numbers and find their mean[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter number 1: 5
Enter number 2: 6
Enter number 3: 7
o/p:
Mean of 5, 6 and 7 is 6[/box] - WAP to read 2 numbers and find Sum of their last digit[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter number 1: 52
Enter number 2: 65
o/p:
2 + 5 = 7[/box] - WAP to read 4 digit number and sum of its digits[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p: Enter a number: 1234
o/p:
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10[/box] - WAP to read radius of Sphere and find its Volume[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter radius: 5
o/p:
Volume of sphere having radius 5 is 523.6[/box] - WAP to read 3 digit number and sum of its digit[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter a number: 123
o/p:
1 + 2 + 3 = 6[/box] - WAP to read 4 digit number and find reverse of that number[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter a number: 1234
o/p:
Reverse of 1234 is 4321[/box] - WAP to read temperature in degree Celsius and convert it into Fahrenheit[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter temperature in Celsius: 38
o/p:
Temperature in Fahrenheit is 100.4[/box] - WAP to read value in inches and print it in feet and inches[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter length in inches: 20
o/p:
20 inches is equal to 1 foot and 8 inches[/box] - WAP to read marks of 5 subjects and print total and percentage[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter marks for maths: 50
Enter marks for science: 50
Enter marks for history: 50
Enter marks for english: 50
Enter marks for marathi: 50
o/p:
Total Marks: 250
Percentage: 50%[/box] - WAP to read 2 numbers and exchange their values using third variable[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter value for x: 5
Enter value for y: 6
o/p:
After swapping value of x is 6 and value of y is 5[/box] - WAP to read 2 numbers and exchange their values without using third variable[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter value for x: 5
Enter value for y: 6
o/p:
After swapping value of x is 6 and value of y is 5[/box] - WAP to read Lenght, Breadth and Height and find its volume and surface area[box title=”” bg_color=”#dbdbdb” align=”left”]i/p:
Enter length: 5
Enter breadth: 6
Enter height: 7
o/p:
Volume of box is 210
Surface are of box is 214[/box]
[toggle title=”Solutions”]
# WAP to read radius of circle and calculate Area and Circumference
radius = 5;
area = 3.14 * radius * radius;
print (area);
circumference = 2 * 3.14 * radius;
print (circumference);
# WAP to read marks of 5 subjects and print total and percentage
m = 50;
s = 50;
h = 50;
e = 50;
ma = 50;
total_m = m + s + h + e + ma;
print(total_m);
per = total_m/5;
print(per);
# WAP to read 2 numbers and exchange their values using third variable
x = 5;
y = 6;
z = 0;
z = y;
y = x;
x = z;
print(x,y);
# WAP to read 2 numbers and exchange their values without using third variable
x = 5;
y = 6;
print(x,y);
x = (x*y);
y = (x/y);
x = (x/y);
print(x,y);
# WAP to read Lenght, Breadth and Height and find its volume and surface area
l = 5;
b = 6;
h = 7;
vol = l * b * h;
print(vol);
sa = (2 * l * b) + (2 * l * h) + (2 * b * h);
print(sa);
#WAP to read 3 numbers and find their mean
x = 5;
y = 6;
z = 7;
mean = (x+y+z)/3;
print(mean);
# WAP to read 2 numbers and find Sum of their last digit
x = 52;
y = 65;
sum = x%10 + y%10
print(sum);
# WAP to read 4 digit number and sum of its digits
num = 1234;
n1 = num//1000;
n2 = (num//100) % 10;
n3 = (num//10) % 10;
n4 = num % 10;
total = n1 + n2 + n3 + n4;
print(total);
#WAP to read radius of Sphere and find its Volume
radius = 5;
vol = (4/3) * 3.14 * radius * radius * radius;
print(vol);
# WAP to read 3 digit number and sum of its digit
num = 123;
n1 = num//100;
n2 = (num//10) % 10;
n3 = num % 10;
total = n1 + n2 + n3;
print(total);
# WAP to read 4 digit number and find reverse of that number
num = 1234;
n1 = num//1000;
n2 = (num//100) % 10;
n3 = ( num//10) % 10;
n4 = num % 10;
rev = n4 * 1000 + n3 * 100 + n2 * 10 + n1;
print(rev);
#WAP to read temperature in degree Celsius and convert it into Fahrenheit
c = 38;
F = (38*9/5)+32;
print(F);
#WAP to read value in inches and print it in feet and inches
li = 20;
ft = 20%12;
print(ft);
[/toggle]
Escape Sequences and Formatted I/O Functions
Escape sequences
The following escape sequences allow special characters to be put into the source code.
Escape Sequence |
Name | Meaning |
\a | Alert | Produces an audible or visible alert. |
\b | Backspace | Moves the cursor back one position (non-destructive). |
\f | Form Feed | Moves the cursor to the first position of the next page. |
\n | New Line | Moves the cursor to the first position of the next line. |
\r | Carriage Return | Moves the cursor to the first position of the current line. |
\t | Horizontal Tab | Moves the cursor to the next horizontal tabular position. |
\v | Vertial Tab | Moves the cursor to the next vertical tabular position. |
\’ | Produces a single quote. | |
\” | Produces a double quote. | |
\? | Produces a question mark. | |
\\ | Produces a single backslash. | |
\0 | Produces a null character. | |
\ddd | Defines one character by the octal digits (base-8 number) | |
\xdd | Defines one character by the hexadecimal digit. | |
Examples:
p rintf(“\12”); – Produces the decimal character 10 (x0A Hex).
printf(“\xFF”); – Produces the decimal character – 1 or 255
printf(“\x123”); – Produces a single character
Formatted I/O Functions
printf Functions
int printf(const char * format,…);
int sprint(char *str, const char * format, …);
The printf functions provide a means to output formatted information to a stream.
printf sends formatted output to stdout
sprintf sends formatted output to a string
These functions take the format string specified by the format argument and apply each following argument to the format specifiers in the string in a left to right fashion. Each character in the format string is copied to the stream except for conversion characters which specify a format specifier.
A conversion specifier begins with the % character. After the % character come the following in this order:
[flags] Control the conversion (optional).
[width] Defines the number of characters to print (optional).
[.precision] Defines the amount of precision to print for a number type (optional).
[modifier] Overrides the size (type) of the argument (optional).
[type] The type of conversion to be applied (required).
Width:
The width of the field is specified here with a decimal value. If the value is not large enough to fill the width, then the rest of the field is padded with spaces. If the value overflows the width of the field, then the field is expanded to fit the value.
Precision:
The precision begins with a dob (.) to distinguish itself from the width specifier. The precision can be given as a decimal value or as an asterisk (*). If a * is used, then the next argument (which is an int type) specifies the precision.
scanf Functions
Declarations:
int scanf(const char * format, …);
int sscanf(const char * str, const char * format, …);
The scanf functions provide a means to input formatted information from a stream.
scanf reads formatted input from stdin
sscanf reads formatted input from a string
These functions take input in a manner that is specified by the format argument and store each input field into the following arguments in a left to right fashion. Each input field is specified in the format string with a conversion specifier which specifies how the input is to be stored in appropriate variable.
Char I/O
getchar : getchar reads a single character from standard input.
Syntax : int getchar();
It requires the user to press enter after entering character.
Putchar : putchar writes a single character to standard output.
Syntax: int putchar(int value)
Variables, Datatypes and Elements in C
Variables
A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate. It is defined by the following syntax.
Storage-class-specifier <space> type-specifier <space> variable-name,…
The Storage-class-specifier can be one of the following:
typedef | The symbol name “variable-name” becomes a type-specifier of type “type-specifier”. No variable is actually created, this is merely for convenience. |
Extern | Inticates that the variable is defined outside of the current file. This brings the variables scope into the current scope. No variable is actually created by this. |
Static | Causes a variable that is defined within a function to be preserved in subsequent calls to the function. |
Auto | Causes a local variable to have a local lifetime (default). |
register | Request that the variable be accessed as quickly as possible. This request is not guaranteed. Normally, the variable’s value is kept within a CPU register for maximum speed. |
e.g. int I,j,k;
float x,y,z;
char ch;
Constants
ANSI C allows you to declare constants. When you declare a constants it is a bit like a variable declaration except the value cannot be changed.
The const keyword is to declare a constant, as shows below:
int const a = 1;
const int a = 2;
Note:
- You can declare the const before or after the type.
- It is usual to initialize a const with a value as it cannot get a value any other way.
The preprocessor #define is another more flexible method to define constants in a program.
Datatypes
Datatypes | Details | Format Specifier & Size | Range |
char, signed char | Variable is large enough to store a basic character in character set. May be either signed or nonnegative |
%c 8 bits | -128 to 127 |
unsigned char | Same as char, but unsigned only | %c 8 bits | 0 to 255 |
short, signed short, short int, signed short int | Defines a short signed int. | %d 8 bits or 16 bits | -128 to 127
Or -32,768 to 32,767 |
unsigned short, unsigned short int | Defines an unsigned short integer. | %d 8 bits or 16 bits | 0 to 255 or
0 to 65,535 |
int, signed int | Defines a signed integer | %d 16 bits | -32,768 to 32,767 |
unsigned int | Same as int, but unsigned values only. | %u 16 bits | 0 to 65,535 |
long, signed long, long int, signed long int | Defines a long signed integer. | %ld 32 bits | -2.147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 |
unsigned long, unsigned long int | Same as long, but unsigned values only. | %lu 32 bits | 0 to 4,294,967,295 |
Float | A floating-point number. | %f 32 bits | 1.17549435 * (10^-38) to 3.40282347*(10^+38) |
Double | A more accurate floating-point number than float. | %lf 64 bits | 2.2250738585072014 *(10^-308 to 1.7976931348623157 * (10^+308) |
long double | Increase the size of double. | %Lf 80 bits | 3.4 * (10^-4932) to 1.1 * (10^4932) |
Note: Size of datatype depends on different implementation of c by different compilers.
C Elements
Tokens
In a C source program, the basic element recognized by the compiler is the “token”.
A token is source-program text that the compiler does not break down into component elements.
Tokens can be keyword, identifier, constant, string-literal, operator, punctuator.
Identifiers
“Identifiers” or “symbols” are the names you supply for variables, types, functions and labels in your program.
Identifier names must differ in spelling and case from any keywords.
- Must start with alphabet (a..z A…Z) or underscore(_).
- Next letter can be alphabet (a…z A…Z), underscore(_) or digit.
- You cannot use keywords as identifiers.
Literals
Invariant program elements are called “literals” or “constants”. The terms “literal” and “constant” are used interchangeably here. Literals fall into four major categories:
- integer
- character
- floating-point
- string literals
A “string literal” is a sequence of characters from the source character set enclosed in double quotation marks (“ “). String literals are also used to represent a sequence of characters which, taken together, from a null-terminated string. The characters of a literal string are stored in order at continuous memory locations. A null character (represented by the \0 escape sequence) is automatically appended to and marks the end of each string literal.
e.g.
- 157 // integer constant
- 0xFE // integer constant
- ‘c’ // character constant
- 2 // floating constant
- 2E-01 // floating constant
- “dog” string literal
Constants
A “constant” is a number, character or character string that can be used as a value in a program. Use constants to represent floating-point, integer, enumeration or character values that cannot be modified.
Keywords
“Keywords” are words that have special meaning to the C compiler.
An identifier cannot have the same spelling and case as a C keyword.
The C language uses following keywords:
auto | double | int | struct |
break | else | long | switch |
case | enum | register | typedef |
char | extern | return | union |
const | float | short | unsigned |
continue | for | signed | void |
default | goto | sizeof | volatile |
do | if | static | while |
Comments
Comments in the source code are ignored by the compiler. They are encapsulated starting with /* and ending with */. According to ANSI standard, nested comments are not allowed, although some implementations allow it.
Single line comments are becoming more common, although not defined in the ANSI standard. Single line comments begin with // and are automatically terminated at the end of the current line.
Punctuation and Special Characters
The punctuation and special characters in the C character set have various uses, from organizing program text to defining the tasks that the compiler or the compiled program carries out. They do not specify an operation to be performed. Some punctuation symbols are also operators. The compiler determines their use from context.
Punctuator: one of [ ] ( ) { } * , : = ; … #
Introduction to C Programming Language
Prerequisites
- Basics of Computer and Operating System
- Mathematics
- Binary Numbers and Decimal Numbers
- Programs, Software, Internet, etc.
History of C
The development of Unix in the C language make it uniquely portable and improvable.
The first version of Unix was written in the low-level PDP-7 assembler language. Soon after, a language TMG was developed for the PDP-7 by R. M. McClure. Using TMG to develop a FORTRAN compiler, Ken Thompson instead ended up developing a compiler for a new high-level language he called B, based on the earlier BCPL language developed by Martin Richard. Where it might take several pages of detailed PDP-7 assembly code to accomplish a given task, the same functionality could typically be expressed in a higher level language like B in just a few lines. B was thereafter used for further development of the Unix system, which made the work much faster and more convenient.
When the PDP-11 computer arrived at Bell Labs, Dennis Ritchie built on B to create a new language called C which had a powerful mix of high-level functionality and the detailed features required to program an operating system. Most of the components of Unix were eventually rewritten in C in 1973. Because of its convenience and power, C went on to become the most popular programming language in the world over the next quarter century.
Introduction to C
C Basics
C is a middle level language where we can perform high level operation as well as low level operations.
Characteristics of C
We briefly list some of C’s characteristics that define the language and also have leads to its popularity as a programming language. Naturally we will be studying many of these aspects throughout the course.
- Small size
- Extensive use of function calls
- Structured language
- Low level (BitWise) programming readily available
- Pointer implementation – extensive use of pointers for memory, array, structures and function.
C has now become a widely used professional language for various reasons.
- It has high-level constructs.
- It can handle low-level activities.
- It produces efficient programs.
- It can be compiled on a variety of computers.
Its main drawback is that it has poor error detection which can make it off putting to the beginner. However diligence in this matter can pay off handsomely since having learned the rules of C we can break them. Not many languages allow this. This if done properly and carefully leads to the power of C programming.
The standard for C programs was originally the features set by Brian Kernighan. In order to make the language more internationally acceptable, an international standard was developed, ANSI C (American National Standards Institute).
C Program Structure
Preprocessor commands
Global declaration
int main() {
Statements
——-
——
}
- Preprocessor Commands:
These are the instruction which we want to give to our compiler (Its preprocessor).
They indicate how the program is to be compiled.
A preprocessor commands Starts with the symbol #.
e.g. #include, #define, #ifdef
- Global declaration:
In this section we can define variables, functions; structures etc.
Variables define in this section are accessible anywhere within the program.
- Function main():
This is the entry point of our program.
Execution of the program begins with function main().
So a C program must contain at least one function i.e. main.
Sample C Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf(“Hello World \n”);
exit(0);
}
NOTE:
- C required a semicolon at the end of every statement.
- printf() is a standard C function — called from main.
- \n signifies new line. Formatted output – more later
- exit() is also a standard function that causes the program to terminate. Strictly speaking it is not needed here as it is the last line of main() and the program will terminate anyway.